How does a 3D printer work?
Now that 3D printing, the process of making three-dimensional solid objects from digital designs is available and affordable to individual consumers, it’s piqued a lot of interest across the tech space in the past few years. From scale models, gifts and clothing to prosthetic limbs, hearing aids and the prospect of 3D-printed homes, the possibilities seem endless.
Chuck Hull invented and patented stereolithography (also known as solid imaging) in the mid-1980s, when he founded 3D Systems, Inc. Since then, advances in the technology have been (and continue to be) made, including the size of the printers themselves, the materials they can use and more.
Designing an idea
The first stage of 3D printing is laying out an original idea with digital modeling, that is, with computer aided design (CAD) or animation modeling software. Both CAD and animation, modeling software are WYSIWYG graphics editors, “what you see is what you get.” If you’re not particularly design-inclined, you can purchase, download or request ready-made designs from sites like Shapeways, Sculpteo or Thingiverse.
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| Designed an idea |
The program then divides the object into digital cross-sections so the printer is able to build it layer by layer. Once you have a completed design, you send it to the 3D printer with the standard file extension. STL (for “stereolithography” or “Standard Tessellation Language”). Whichever program you choose, you’re able to create a virtual blueprint of the object you want to print. The cross-sections essentially act as guides for the printer, so that the object is the exact size and shape you want. STL files contain three-dimensional polygons that are sliced up so the printer can easily digest its information. Then, a 3D printer makes passes (much like an inkjet printer) over the platform, depositing layer on top of layers of material to create the finished product. The first thing to note is that 3D printing is characterized as “additive” manufacturing, which means that a solid, three-dimensional object is constructed by adding material in layers. When the printer is told to print something, it pulls the bioplastic filament through a tube and into an extruder, which heats it up and deposits it through a small hole and onto the build plate. This is in contrast to regular “subtractive” manufacturing, through which an object is constructed by cutting (or “machining”) raw material into a desired shape. Printer processes vary, but the material is usually sprayed, squeezed or otherwise transferred from the printer onto a platform. After the finished design file is sent to the 3D printer, you choose a specific material. Throughout the process, the different layers are automatically fused to create a single three-dimensional object in a dots per inch (DPI) resolution. One printer in particular, the Makerbot Replicator 2, has a renewable bioplastic spooled in the back of the device (almost like a string). This, depending on the printer, can be rubber, plastics, paper, polyurethane-like materials, metals and more.
The 3D Printing Process
Smaller printers, designed for printing toys and other small gadgets, can be as little as $1,000, but the larger, more professional models can cost anywhere from $14,900 to $59,000. Last year, a team of researchers, engineers and dentists created the world’s first prosthetic beak for a wounded bald eagle. Take the health field — medical professionals have used 3D printing to create hearing aids, custom leg braces and even a titanium jaw.These innovations could have a profound effect on the world, but the 3D printing industry does have at least one drawback price. Creating 3D-printed meat could fill the human need for protein while having less of an impact on the environment. NASA has tested 3D printers that will let Mars-bound astronauts print what they need as they travel. Other cons include the controversies of 3D-printed guns and the threat of copyright infringement. Nonetheless, there’s currently a huge market for 3D printing — $1.7 billion to be exact.
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| KamerMaker 3D printing |
The KamerMaker (pictured above) is a 3D printer, large enough to print entire rooms. It’s clear that 3D printing has the potential to transform several industries.
